The most famous historians of the period were Zia-ud-din Barani, Shamsi-Shiraj Afif and Isami. But their primary duty was the observance of the laws of Shariat or Islamic laws in matters of state. He was also deeply suspicious of his kinsmen and wazirs (ministers), extremely severe with his opponents, and took decisions that caused economic upheaval. The Indian classical work Ragadarpan was translated into Persian during the reign of Firuz Tughluq. Amir Khusrau (1252-1325) was the famous Persian writer of this period. Juna Khan renamed himself Muhammad bin Tughlaq and ruled for 26 years. [46] After the assassination, one of Ghori's slaves (or mamluks, Arabic: ), the Turkic Qutb al-Din Aibak, assumed power, becoming the first Sultan of Delhi. The shiq was under the control of the shiqdar. 91, 2000, p. 1-15. The Delhi Sultanate is not renowned for its significant mechanical innovations or inventions. ", A. Schimmel, Islam in the Indian Subcontinent, Leiden, 1980. [56], The Khalji dynasty was of Turko-Afghan heritage. Therefore, iqtas were territorial units allotted to nobles, performing civil and military duties, in lieu of their salary. It first became the capital under the kingdom of Tomara Rajputs. The army of the Alai era of the Delhi Sultanate had an Indian military style of warfare which had replaced the Ilbari Mamluk style. What is a vizier in Islam? [67] These tax policies and spending controls strengthened his treasury to pay the keep of his growing army; he also introduced price controls on all agriculture produce and goods in the kingdom, as well as controls on where, how, and by whom these goods could be sold. Anyone Ala ud-Din suspected of being a threat to this power was killed along with the women and children of that family. Besides launching a series of expeditions to expand the sultanate, he also issued a series of administrative and economic regulations to make the state more secure. This page was last edited on 7 November 2022, at 17:43. [61] They were treated by others as Afghan due to adoption of some Afghan habits and customs. [150], Paper had reached some parts of India as early as the 6th or 7th century,[151][152][153] initially through Chinese travellers, but paper failed to catch on as palmyra leaves and birch bark remained far more popular. He persistently brought home the message that the monarch was the vice-regent of God and next in sanctity only to the prophet. The principal achievement of the Delhi Sultans was the systematisation of land revenue administration. Traders regarded the regulations as burdensome, and violations were severely punished, leading to further resentment among the traders. [134], The sultanate enforced Islamic religious prohibitions of anthropomorphic representations in art.[135]. His successor, Muhammad bin Tughluq, led a more controversial rule that spanned 26 years. merely 13 kilometres (8.1mi). Kalinjar, Mohaba and Khajuraho were also conquered by the Turks under the leadership of Muhammads commander, Qutb-ud-din Aibak. Balban carried the administration on the Sultans name and used his position to achieve his twin objectives 01 strengthening his position and consolidating the state. In any case, Aibak's reign ended in 1210 and was followed by a chaotic struggle for succession. Free and expert-verified textbook solutions. [17][75], Muhammad bin Tughlaq chose the city of Deogiri in present-day Indian state of Maharashtra (renaming it Daulatabad), as the second administrative capital of the Delhi Sultanate. Islam contrasted many of the core tenets of Hinduism, mainly in that it was a monotheistic religion rather than a polytheistic religion. While the kingdom shrank in size, and corruption and lawlessness prevailed, the Turkish nobles enjoyed power which surpassed the But the period of chaos came to an end in 1246 AD when Nasiruddin Manmu Iltutmish, in connivance with a leading noble, Balban, came to the throne by king made Balban his minister and never took an active part in state affairs. [39] Mahmud of Ghazni raided the treasuries but retracted each time, only extending Islamic rule into western Punjab. In this context name the dynasties that ruled between. The Delhi Sultanate was already declined by the time the Lodi obtained power. [191][192][193] He also noted there were also many instances of Delhi sultans, who often had Hindu ministers, ordering the protection, maintenance and repairing of temples, according to both Muslim and Hindu sources. . The court was an austere assembly where jest and laughter were seldom heard. It is true that a few of the Delhi rulers obtained formal recognition of their titles from the caliph, but this pious legal fiction did not alter the reality. Islam was the primary religion of the Delhi Sultanate, brought into India by Turkic peoples. Daulat was a political enemy of Ibraham; he invited and aided Babur in invading India and ending Ibraham's reign. The five dynasties are: Map depicting the Sultanate of Delhi in 1320 CE. The massive stone structured fort complex is a popular monument in Delhi. [188][189][190] He notes that this was not unusual in medieval India, as there were numerous recorded instances of temple desecration by Hindu and Buddhist kings against rival Indian kingdoms between 642 and 1520, involving conflict between devotees of different Hindu deities, as well as between Hindus, Buddhists and Jains. Art during Delhi Sultanate In 1258 AD, Delhi became the most important cultural centre, when the Mongols. By that same token, many people frequently forget that from 1206 to 1857, the Indian subcontinent was dominated by vast and powerful Islamic dynasties established by Turkic migrants. Jalal-Ud-Din Khilji, the Governor of Samana and the army commander murdered him and claimed the thone for himself by exercising the age-old right. The supply of grain was ensured by collecting tax in kind in the Doab and keeping it in the royal storehouses. Secondly they limited and held back the Mongol invaders, if the Delhi Sultanate lost to those mongols then they could have threatened south east asia. Screen of the Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra mosque, Ajmer, c.1229; Corbel arches, some cusped. [110] Bahlul Lodi began his reign by attacking the Muslim Jaunpur Sultanate to expand the influence of the Delhi Sultanate, and was partially successful through a treaty. Richard M. Frye, "Pre-Islamic and Early Islamic Cultures in Central Asia", in, T. A. Heathcote, The Military in British India: The Development of British Forces in South Asia:1600-1947, (Manchester University Press, 1995), pp 5-7. Jackson P. (1990), The Mamlk institution in early Muslim India, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland (New Series), 122(02), pp. [165], Beside it is the extremely tall Qutb Minar, a minaret or victory tower, whose original four stages reach 73 meters (with a final stage added later). Immediately after the conquest, settlements were made with the members of the defeated aristocracies and so land revenue was the same as tributes fixed on subjugated rulers. According to Historians, one of Timur's greatest achievements was the capture and invasion of the Delhi Sultanate. The two met in a battle at Tarain, near Delhi, in 1191 where the Sultan was severely defeated. Babur's invasion culminated in the 1526 Battle of Panipat, a battle where Delhi forces greatly outnumbered the Timurid remnants under Babur. 3. Yes; the principles of equality within Islam drew in many supporters from the lower classes of Hindu society. The Mongol and infidel Hindus were the great "Others" in these narratives and the Persianate and class conscious, aristocratic virtues of the ideal state were creatively memorialized in the Ghaznavid state, now the templates for the Delhi Sultanate. Firstly, he restored the power and prestige of the Ulema (Muslim priestly class) and consulted them in all matters. Think & Respond. Kafur was accorded a royal welcome by the Sultan on his arrival in Delhi and was made the malik naib with a pure Turkish lineage. Find out who really invented movable type, who Winston Churchill called "Mum," and when the first sonic boom was heard. Think & Respond After 15 years of Mughal rule, the Afghan Shr Shah of Sr reestablished the sultanate in Delhi, which fell again in 1555 to Bburs son and successor, Humyn, who died in January 1556. Sikandar's son, Ibrahim Lodi, would be the last true ruler of the Delhi Sultanate. The Delhi Sultanate is the name given for a series of five successive dynasties, which remained as a dominant power of Indian subcontinent with Delhi as their capital. The Delhi Sultanate is important because it started the Muslim Rule in India. The Muslim invasions into India had ultimately resulted in the establishment of Delhi Sultanate which existed from A.D. 1206 to 1526. The start of Muslim rule brought in great cultural diversity which became an important and invaluable feature of our country. [72] Muslim merchants were granted exclusive permits and monopoly in these "mandis" to buy and resell at official prices. Sultan Zain-Ul-Abidin of Kashmir had the famous historical work, Rajatarangini, and the Mahabharata translated into Persian. AD 1320 to AD 1414 VIEW SOLUTION Short Answer Questions | Q 20.3 Delhi Sultans infused a new culture and tradition in India. In 1298, between 15,000 and 30,000 Mongols near Delhi, who had recently converted to Islam, were slaughtered in a single day, due to a mutiny during an invasion of Gujarat. Aibak was of Cuman-Kipchak (Turkic) origin, and due to his lineage, his dynasty is known as the Mamluk (Slave origin) dynasty (not to be confused with the Mamluk dynasty of Iraq or the Mamluk dynasty of Egypt). Many Turks became slave-warriors, or Mamluks, for the Middle Eastern Caliphates. However, Iltutmish was convinced of Razias superiority and ability to administer. [102] Members of the dynasty derived their title, Sayyid, or the descendants of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad, based on the claim that they belonged to his lineage through his daughter Fatima. Accordingly, it did not interfere with the autonomy and military of certain conquered Hindu rulers, and freely included Hindu vassals and officials. Like other settled, agrarian societies in history, those in the Indian subcontinent have been attacked by nomadic tribes throughout its long history. DELHI SULTANATE, Muslim kingdom established in northern India by Central Asian Turkish warlords at the turn of the 13th century and continuing in an increasingly persianized milieu until its conquest by Bbor in 932/1526. most of northern India fell into the hands of Muslim generals, who established the Delhi sultanate. There were however on-going social tensions, not least between the Muslim and Hindu elements of Indian society, which continued to run high until the disintegration of the sultanate in the sixteenth century. The first historical record of a campaign of destruction of temples and defacement of faces or heads of Hindu idols lasted from 1193 to 1194 in Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh under the command of Ghuri. [40][41], The series of raids on north Indian and western Indian kingdoms by Muslim warlords continued after Mahmud of Ghazni. Here we are providing important notes related to the Delhi Sultanate. Across 320 years of history and five different dynasties, the Delhi Sultanate had many different rulers. Little attempt was made to interfere in the internal affairs of the tributary states as long as they did not threaten the safety of the empire. [62][63] As a result of this, the dynasty is referred to as "Turko-Afghan". However, Bengal did not fall. He was the legal head of the state and acted as the chief executive and the highest court of appeal. AD 1451 to AD 1526 VIEW SOLUTION [120] The monarch was not the Sultan of the Hindus or of, say, the people of Haryana, rather in the eyes of the Sultanate's chroniclers, the Muslims constituted what in more recent times would be termed a "Staatsvolk". The shahna (market controller), the barids (intelligence officers) and the munhias (secret agents) submitted their independent reports on these markets to the Sultan. Volume 63 (3), pp 275287, R Islam (1997), A Note on the Position of the non-Muslim Subjects in the Sultanate of Delhi under the Khaljis and the Tughluqs, Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society, 45, pp. Pali literature dating to the 4th century BC mentions the, Peter. The former concentrated on expanding westwards, while the latter, whose capital was in Ghazni, followed Mahmuds tradition of invading India. North India was buried by him & territories were merged by Delhi Sultanate. [199], The Somnath Temple in Gujarat was repeatedly destroyed by Muslim armies and rebuilt by Hindus. Jayachandra, the Gahadavala ruler to Kanauj, was killed in 1194 in the battle of Chandwar on the Jamuna. Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526AD) After death of Mohammed Ghori there were many contenders for throne, out of which Qutb-ud-din Aibak ascended throne and started slave dynasty rule. There were officers connected with the court and the royal household. The sultan was served by a heterogeneous elite of Turks, Afghans, Khaljs, and Hindu converts; he readily accepted Hindu officials and Hindu vassals. When the Turks came to India, they not only had a well-defined faith in Islam to which they were deeply attached, they also had definite ideas of government, arts, architecture, etc. [97][98] Estimates for the massacre by Timur in Delhi range from 100,000 to 200,000 people. The office of 'Mir Bakshi' came into existence during the reign of Khalji Sultans of Delhi. The tomb of the founder of the dynasty, Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq (d. 1325) is more austere, but impressive; like a Hindu temple, it is topped with a small amalaka and a round finial like a kalasha. In converting large swathes of the population to Islam and inserting foreign cultures into the region, the Delhi Sultanate saw Northern India's economy and population flourish as they never had before. In evaluating the impact of Islam on the subcontinent, one must note that the northwestern subcontinent was a frequent target of tribes raiding from Central Asia in the pre-Islamic era. Shared space: Divided space. The sultanate reached its zenith both geographically and politically in the first half of the century under Muhammad b. They often offered military help to the rebels. He started the Slave dynasty. It was he who made grants in cash or land for the construction and maintenance of mosques, tombs and madrasas. [18][19] In 1526, the Sultanate was conquered and succeeded by the Mughal Empire. Source: CNG Coins, CC-BY-SA-3.0-migrated, Wikimedia Commons. To get PDF version, Please click on "Print PDF" button. Iltutmish also crushed several Rajput kingdoms thereby strengthening Muslim rule in India. Other important Persian poets were Mir Hasan Dehlawi, Badra Chach, etc. The Delhi Sultanate refers to five short-lived Muslim states of Turkish and Pashtun (Afghan) dynasty that ruled Delhi between 1206 and 1526. Another very early mosque, begun in the 1190s, is the Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra in Ajmer, Rajasthan, built for the same Delhi rulers, again with corbelled arches and domes. Significance, Purpose & More 9 hrs ago; IPPB . Its closest comparator is the 62-metre all-brick Minaret of Jam in Afghanistan, of c.1190, a decade or so before the probable start of the Delhi tower. Amir Khusro, who lived in the 13th century CE during the Delhi Sultanate period in North India, used a form of Hindustani, which was the lingua franca of the period, in his writings and referred to it as Hindavi. [76] During his rule, Delhi Sultanate reached its peak in terms of geographical reach, covering most of the Indian subcontinent. POLITICAL AND CULTURAL HISTORY The Rajputs fought valiantly to the last man but were defeated. However, they were defeated by the Kangra State . During famines that followed, these granaries ensured sufficient food for the army.[67]. Suhrab, Begada, Bahmanis, Khalil Shah, Khawwas Khan, Sikandar Lodi, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Alauddin Khalji ordered the killing of 30,000 people at, Alauddin Khalji ordered the killing of several prominent Brahmin and merchant civilians during his. Which of the following events marked the end of Delhi Sultanate? Going by his policies, we can say that he was a religious bigot. inter-marriages between the families of the grandees, inefficiency in the espionage system and drinking liquor were the root causes of rebellion. 2.3-Political ideology and state in Mughal India- i) . The first of the slave kings was Qutb-ud-din Aibak, who was the general of Muhammad Ghori. From 1506 to 1517, the Sultan tried to capture Gwalior (ruled by the Tomar ruler, Raja Man Singh), but could capture only Chanderi. Even a minor violation of the rules was not tolerated. Delhi Sultanate The period from 1206 to 1526 in India history is known as Sultanate period. army since the Sultan himself commanded all the armed forces. In 1312, Kafur marched against the Pandya kingdom and its ruler Vira Pandya fled the capital, enabling Kafur to seize immense booty. In 1312, Kafur marched against the Pandya kingdom and its ruler Vira Pandya fled the capital, enabling Kafur to seize immense booty. In 712 A.D., Muhammad invaded Sind and killed Dahir in a battle near Brahmanabad. [57][58][59][60] They were originally of Turkic origin. There are hardly any more references to newly recruited Turkic slaves in historical accounts, and Indian slaves were preferred towards the end of the 1200s,[136] as the new nobility wished to reduce the power of the Turkic slaves after the overthrow of the Mamluks.[137]. Under the Mamluks and Khaljis, the campaign of temple desecration expanded to Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Maharashtra, and continued through the late 13th century. After Aibak died, Aram Shah assumed power in 1210, but he was assassinated in 1211 by Aibak's son-in-law, Shams ud-Din Iltutmish. but Muhammad crushed their uprising. Identify your study strength and weaknesses. The Delhi Sultanate reshaped India in two key ways: by introducing Islam and converting much of the region's population, and by creating a powerful economy that sustained rapid population growth. [79] One result of the transfer of the elite to Daulatabad was the hatred of the nobility to the Sultan, which remained in their minds for a long time. The decline began during the reign of Tughluqs and was completed during the reigns of Sayyids and Lodis due to the Sultans . the foundation of the Delhi Sultanate in the beginning of the thirteenth century. Consequently, many elements of the Rajput political system, with or without changes, became a part and parcel of the Turkish administration in India. Delhi sultanate - Alauddin Khalji (1296-1316) He was one of the most powerful rulers in Indian history. The architecture of other regional Muslim states was often more impressive.[178]. Published: June 5, 2016 The Delhi sultanate society was broadly divided into four major groups viz. He was the head of the military department called diwan-i-arz and was next to the wazir in importance. Its 100% free. Firuz Shah Tughluq built the famous Hauz Khas (a pleasure resort) and the Kotla at Delhi. Annemarie Schimmel (1997), Islam in the Indian Subcontinent, Brill Academic. He was a slave of Mohammad Ghori. The purpose of transferring the entire Muslim elite to Daulatabad was to enroll them in his mission of world conquest. Two months later, Firuzs slaves. He was the chief of the armed forces and made appointments to all the higher civil and military posts. Delhi Sultanate, refers to the various Muslim dynasties that ruled in India (1210-1526). His repeated attacks on the Mewati strongholds and villages stopped their frequent raids of Delhi. Architecture of the Delhi Sultanate: Its Significance and Impact. Nusrat Khan was killed, and only after the Sultans arrival, the siege was brought to a successful conclusion. 340-358. Historians note Ala ud-Din Khalji as being a tyrant. [96] Nasir ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughlaq, who had fled to Gujarat during Timur's invasion, returned and nominally ruled as the last ruler of Tughlaq dynasty, as a puppet of various factions at the court. Muhammad bin Tughlaq did not have the resources or support to respond to the shrinking kingdom. Firuz appointed his grandson. The establishment of the Delhi sultanate marked a new phase in the cultural development of the country. 50. Soon, Nizam-ud-din earned the displeasure of the nobles who got him assassinated. He was the head of the public charities and ecclesiastical department known as diwan-i-risalat. Soon, Turks were migrating to Muslim lands and becoming Islamicized. Heinrichs and C. Pellat, (Brill, 1993), C.E. After his death, the Amirs, in a bid to regain their former glory and power appointed Balbans son Kaigubad to the throne. Administration during the Delhi Sultanate was based on the laws of the Shariat or the laws of Islam. The brief reigns of Bahram (1240-42 AD) and Masud (1242-46 AD), one a brother and the other a nephew of Razia, witnessed the rise of the Chahalgani or the Famous Forty, (a group of forty nobles) to the highest peak of power.
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